What Do VLAs Actually Learn through In-Context Failure Conditioning?
Jiajun Liu, Jieming Li, Zi Zhuang, Hang Yu, Qingli Chen, Liu Cao, Yingxi Lu, Ruoqu Chen, and 4 more authors
In CVPR 2026 Workshop on 3D-LLM/VLA, 2026
Using RoboRetry as a controlled probe across 12 RLBench tasks, we study whether vision-language-action policies actually learn from prior failures via in-context conditioning, disentangling a slot-presence effect from content-dependent gains, and release FailureSlot, a dataset of 1,334 annotated failure trajectories.